The logic was clear to Ockham Pope John XXII was no true pope and he denounced him with written charges. As a result of his researches he decided that the current pope, John XXII, had made pronouncements of the issue which contradicted those of previous popes. He had been studying the pronouncements made by popes regarding collective poverty, in particular the poverty of Christ and the apostles. While Ockham had been in the Avignon convent waiting for the commission to come to its conclusions he had not been idle. As a result, he was not formally condemned for his teaching. One of the difficulties the commission had in attacking Ockham was that he was in fact a fairly conservative theological and his religious statements mostly had adherents among the leading Franciscans. By 1326 there was a list of 51 charges against Ockham which was later reduced to 49. With the list being now the basis for the charge against Ockham, a commission was set up the try him.įirst the commission decided that Ockham's teaching on physics, namely on time, motion and place, should be removed from the list of charges unless it was part of a theological statement. Anyway Lutterell went through Ockham's work and made a list of 56 statement which he deemed to be erroneous or heretical. Perhaps Lutterell was the reason that Ockham was now being tested for he may have decided that Ockham's views were dangerous when he was a student at Oxford. Rather surprisingly, the person who was to read Ockham's commentary on the Book of Sentences of Peter Lombard was John Lutterell who had been chancellor of Oxford University when Ockham studied there. Ockham went to France, crossing the Channel in the summer of 1324, and continued to Provence where he now resided at the Avignon convent. He was summoned to Avignon in 1324 to have his lectures and writings examined for heretical or mistaken teaching. Indeed Ockham explained his views and no action was taken against him but clearly he had been singled out as unsuitable to teach, and the matter was not allowed to rest. to explain his views on thirteen propositions derived from his teaching on the Aristotelian categories, especially the category of 'relation'. Ockham's opinions aroused strong opposition and he was summoned by the Franciscan provincial chapter :. is probably the most comprehensive original logical treatise written in the period between Aristotle's "Organon" and Bolzano's "Wissenschaftslehre" (1837).
In particular Ockham wrote the monumental three-part Summa logicae during these four years which Corcoran says:. The scope of the apparently original concepts, problems, and results found in his works is impressive, if not astounding. William of Ockham was certainly among the most imaginative, competent, and prolific of Medieval logicians. During these years he wrote many deep works on philosophy and logic. Ockham lectured on logic and natural philosophy in a Franciscan school from 1321 to 1324 while he waited to return to university to study for his doctorate. In June 1318 Ockham was granted a licence to hear confessions and by 1320 he completed study for his bachelor's degree. The text was used as a framework for students to develop their own original positions and to debate with their teachers and fellow students. It was required that every student working for a higher degree in theology would lecture and comment on the Book of Sentences which is what Ockham did at Oxford in 1317- 1319. Peter Lombard, a conservative theologian, wrote the text as a reaction against some who at the time were applying Aristotle's logic to theology. Peter was a 12 th century Italian theologian who had written the work to state clearly the position found in the Scriptures and that of the Church fathers on Christian doctrine. He was then sent to Oxford to study for a theological degree.Īt Oxford Ockham lectured on the Book of Sentences of Peter Lombard. There is no direct evidence to support which of these alternatives Ockham followed but it must have one of them.
After this some students were sent to Paris for further training, the rest taught at a convent. We do know that he was ordained a subdeacon by the archbishop of Canterbury in Southwark, London, in 1306 which certainly supports him being trained in London.
His education was in a Franciscan convent and it was almost certainly the London convent since it acted as the educational centre for the area in which he lived. Nothing is known of his parents or his early life before he entered the Franciscan order at the age of fourteen. He is also known as the "More than Subtle Doctor" or the "Venerable Inceptor". Biography William of Ockham's name is sometimes written William Occam.
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